诺贝尔化学奖得主列表诺贝尔化学奖得主列表的意思解释|诺贝尔化学奖得主列表是什么意思 -我酷百科

诺贝尔化学奖得主列表

2020-05-13 19:15:46

诺贝尔化学奖（瑞典语：Nobelpriset i kemi）是诺贝尔奖的六个奖项之一，1895年设立，由瑞典皇家科学院每年颁发给在化学相关的各个领域中做出杰出贡献的科学家。根据奖项设立者阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的遗愿，该奖由诺贝尔基金会管理，瑞典皇家科学院每年选出五人委员会来评选出当年获奖者。第一个诺贝尔化学奖于1901年颁发给荷兰科学家雅各布斯·亨里克斯·范托夫。每一位获奖者都会得到一块奖牌，一份获奖证书，以及一笔不菲的奖金，奖金的数额每年会有变化。例如，1901年，范托夫得到的奖金为150,782瑞典克朗，相当于2007年12月的7,731,004瑞典克朗；而2008年，下村脩、马丁·查尔菲和钱永健分享了总数为一千万瑞典克朗的奖金（略多于100万欧元，或140万美元）。该奖每年于12月10日，即阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔逝世周年纪念日，以隆重的仪式在斯德哥尔摩颁发。

就获奖领域而言，有至少25名获奖者在有机化学研究中做出贡献，比其他化学领域的获奖者都多。有两位诺贝尔化学奖获奖者，德国的里夏德·库恩（1938年获奖）和阿道夫·布特南特（1939年获奖），受其政府阻止不能接受奖金。他们虽然后来收到了奖牌和获奖证书，但没有收到奖金。弗雷德里克·桑格是至今唯一一位两次（1958年和1980年）获得诺贝尔化学奖的科学家。其他两次获得诺贝尔奖的玛丽·居里（1903年获物理学奖，1911年获化学奖）和莱纳斯·鲍林（1954年获化学奖，1962年获和平奖）都是在不同领域获奖。有五位女性获得过化学奖：玛丽·居里、伊雷娜·约里奥-居里（1935年获奖）、多萝西·克劳福特·霍奇金（1964年获奖）、阿达·约纳特（2009年获奖）和弗朗西斯·阿诺德（2018年获奖）。截至2019年，已经有183人获得诺贝尔化学奖。从1901年至今，该奖有8年因故停发（1916、1917、1919、1924、1933、1940－1942年），有9年延迟一年颁发（1914、1918、1920、1921、1925、1927、1938、1943、1944年）。

" discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"

" his work on sugar and purine syntheses"

" his electrolytic theory of dissociation"

" discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"

" the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"

" investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for electric furnace called after him"

"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"

"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"

" his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"

" his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"

" the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"

"for the discovery of the Grignard reagent"

"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"

" his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules especially in inorganic chemistry"

" his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"

"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"

"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"

" his work in thermochemistry"

"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"

"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"

"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"

匈牙利

"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"

"for his work on disperse systems"

"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"

" his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"

"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"

"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"

" their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"

"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"

"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"

" their synthesis of new radioactive elements"

" molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"

"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"

"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"

"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"

"for his work on sex hormones"

"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"

"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"

"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"

"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"

"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"

"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"

"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"

"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"

"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"

"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"

"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"

"for their invention of partition chromatography"

"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"

"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"

"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"

"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"

"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"

"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"

"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"

"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"

"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"

"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"

"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"

"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"

"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"

"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"

"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"

"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"

"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"

"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"

"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"

"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"

"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"

"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"

"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"

"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"

"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"

"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"

"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"

"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"

"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"

"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"

"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"

"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"

"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"

"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"

"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"

"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"

"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"

"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"

"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"

"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"

"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"

"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"

"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"

"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"

"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"

匈牙利

"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"

"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"

"for their discovery of fullerenes"

"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"

"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"

"for his development of the density-functional theory"

"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"

"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"

"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"

"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"

"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"

"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"

"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"

"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes for the discovery of water channels"

"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"

"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"

"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"

"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"

"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"

"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"

^ A. 这里的中文姓名是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页（nobelprize.org）提供英文名字的翻译，对于得奖者的原名或其他名字，可从该得奖者的条目中了解。华人或日本人姓名按中文和日文姓名习惯翻译。尽可能提供了每一位获奖者的照片；如果需要，可以到诺贝尔基金会的官方主页上查询每一位获奖者的照片。

^ B. 这里的国家信息是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页提供的信息列出，并不一定为得奖者现在的国籍或出生地。

^ C. 这里所引用的获奖理由是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页提供的英文原文翻译列出，英文原文被列于中文翻译之后以供查对。这一栏中的条目链接是与获奖者的获奖原因相关的研究领域与历史；这些链接这是作为指引和解释，需要了解每一位获奖者的具体工作，请由名字一栏中的链接到对应得奖者的条目中查看，或到诺贝尔基金会的官方主页中相关获奖者的页面中查看。

^ D. 已于1994年放弃。

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